Standards for scientific publications and writing l ISO 690 | APA 7 | MLA 9

APA Style - 7th edition, 2020

Formatting

• Font: Times New Roman 12, Arial 11, Calibri 11, Georgia 11

• Double spacing

• 2.54 cm margins

• Left alignment

• No spacing after paragraphs

• Page numbers, top right

Title Page

• Title centered and in bold

• Author

• Institution

• Teacher

• Submission date

In-text citation

• Indirect citation:

• 1 author: (Durand, 2025)

• 2 authors: (Durand & Arnaud, 2025) - mandatory use of the ampersand

• 3 or more authors: (Durand et al., 2025)

• Short direct quote (less than 40 words):

• author, date in parentheses, direct quote without quotation marks without italics, page in parentheses: according to Durand (2025), quote (p. 84).

• Long direct quote (40 words or more):

• block quote

• no quotation marks

• indented from the left

Bibliography (References)

• References, name centered and in bold

• Alphabetical order

• Hanging indent, second line indented

• Double spacing

Examples

• • • • Book:

• Format: Author, (Year). Title. Publisher.

Examples: Durand, J. (2025). Methodology. Les Éditions.

Durand, J., Henri, R., & Collins A. (2025). Methodology. Les Éditions.

• Print and online article:

• Format: Author (Year). Article title. Journal title, volume, issue, pages. DOI.

Example: Durand, J. (2025). Methodology. Journal of Science, 16 (2), 101–108. https://www.rds.fr/67.shsj.

• Thesis and Dissertation:

• • • • • • • Format: Author's last name, first name (year). Title (degree). Name of university.

Example: DURAND, Jean (2025). Methodology (doctoral thesis). Paris-Diderot University.

• Institutional document:

• • • • • • • Author. (Year). Title. Publisher or URL.

Example: European Commission. (2023). Digital Markets Act. https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu.

• Website:

• Format: Author. (DD MM YY). Page title. Website. URL

Example: Durand, J.. (March 8, 2025). Methodology. Jean Durand. www.jeandurand.fr:gfgg54=7gf.

• Video:

• Format: Author [Uploader]. (YYYY, MM DD). Title [Video]. Platform. URL.

Example: Durand, J. [DurandJ]. (June 4, 2025). Methodology [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/56gfdt?f=a76.

MLA style guide - 9th edition, 2021

Formatting

• Font: Times New Roman 12

• Double spacing

• 2.54 cm margins

• Left alignment

• Pagination, top right with last name

First page (title page not mandatory)

• Author

• Teacher

• Course Title

• Date

• Title of the work, centered, not bold

In-text citation

•  Indirect citation:

• 1. Author + page number: (Durand 84) - MLA never includes the abbreviation p. of page

• 2 authors + page number: (Durand and Arnaud 84)

• +3 authors + page number: (Dupont et al. 84)

• Short direct quotation:

• author, direct quotation without quotation marks or italics followed by the page number in parentheses

Example: According to Durand, quotation (84).

• Long direct quotation (more than 40 lines):

• block quote

• left indentation

• without quotation marks

Bibliography (Works Cited)

• Title: Works Cited

• Alphabetical order

• Hanging indent

• Double spacing

Examples

• Book:

• Format: Last name, First name. Title. Publisher, year.

Example: Durand, Jean. Methodology. Les Éditions, 2025.

• Print article and online article:

• Format: Last name, First name. “Article Title”. Journal Title, volume, number, year, pages. DOI or URL.

Example: Durand, Jean. “Methodology”. Journal of Sciences, vol. 16, no. 2, 2025, pp. 101–108. https://www.rds.fr/67.shsj.

• Website:

• Format: Author. “Page Title". Website Name, (publisher), date, URL.

Example: Durand Jean. “Methodology”. Jean Durand, 2025, www.jeandurand.fr:gfgg54=7gf.

• Video:

• Format: Author. “Title”. Platform, publisher, DD MM YY of publication, URL.

Example: Durand, Jean. “Methodology”. YouTube, DurandJ, June 4, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/56gfdt?f=a76.

ISO 690 standard - Citation in a foreign language

Quotation without translation:

• in quotation marks

• the reference is in parentheses after the quotation (author, year, page)

Quotation with translation:

• the original is in quotation marks

• the translation is in square brackets or in a footnote

or

• the quotation is in French

• the original language is mentioned in the reference (author, date, translated from English)

Bibliographic reference:

• the reference is written in the original language of the cited document

APA 7 standard - Citation in a foreign language

In-text citation without translation:

• in quotation marks

• the reference follows the quotation and is in parentheses (author, year, page)

In-text citation with translation:

• the original is in the text

• the translation is in square brackets

or

• the quotation is in French

• the original language is mentioned in the reference (author, date, translated from English)

Short in-text citation with translation:

• without quotation marks

• the author is cited (according to Durand) and the year is in parentheses (2025)

Bibliographical reference:

• the reference is written in the original language of the cited document

MLA 9 Standard - Citation in a foreign language

In-text citation without translation:

• in quotation marks

• the reference follows the quotation in parentheses (Durand 101) - without the abbreviation p of page

In-text citation with translation:

• the original is in quotation marks

• the translation is in square brackets

or

• the quotation is in French

• the translation is mentioned in the reference (author, date, translation)

Short in-text citation with translation:

• without quotation marks

• the author is cited (according to Durand) and the page number is in parentheses at the end of the citation (101)

Bibliographic reference:

• the reference is written in the original language of the cited document